01+First+Nations


 * The Meeting of Cultures || Discovery ||
 * Tribal societies ||  ||
 * Mayans || a Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems. Initially established during the Preclassic period (c. 2000 BC to 250 AD), many Mayan cities reached their highest state development during the Classic period (c. 250 AD to 900 AD), and continued throughout the Postclassic period until the arrival of the Spanish. At its peak, it was one of the most densely populated and culturally dynamic societies in the world. ||
 * Aztecs || includes the inhabitants of Tenochtitlan's two principal allied city-states, the Acolhuas of Texcoco and the Tepanecs of Tlacopan, who together with the Mexica formed the Aztec Triple Alliance which has also become known as the "**Aztec Empire**". ||
 * Cahokia || the site of an ancient Native American city (650-1400 CE) near Collinsville, Illinois in the American Bottom floodplain, across the Mississippi River from St. Louis, Missouri. The 2,200-acre (8.9 km2) site includes at least 109 man-made earthen mounds. Cahokia Mounds is the largest archaeological site related to the Mississippian culture, which developed advanced societies in eastern North America centuries before the arrival of Europeans. ||
 * Three sisters agriculture || The **Three Sisters** are the three main agricultural crops of some Native American groups in North America: squash, maize, and climbing beans. ||
 * Nationalism || an ideology, a sentiment, a form of culture, or a social movement that focuses on the nation. ||
 * Reconquista ||  ||
 * Christopher Columbus || a Genoese navigator, colonizer and explorer whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean—funded by Queen Isabella of Spain—led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. ||
 * Smallpox || A viral disease which killed thousands each year in Europe and nearly decimated the entire Native American population, for they had no immunity. ||
 * Conquistadors || the name given to the Spanish soldiers, leaders, explorers, and adventurers involved in the conquest of the Americas following the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus in 1492. ||
 * Missionaries || a member of a religion who works to convert those who do not share the missionary's faith ||
 * Bartolomeo de Lascasas ||  ||
 * Pueblo || traditional communities of Native Americans in the southwestern United States of America . ||
 * Spanish empire || one of the largest empires in world history, and one of the first global empires. It included territories and colonies in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia and Oceania between the 15th and late 19th centuries. Spain also held colonies in Africa until the mid-to-late 20th century. ||
 * African slave trade || The ** slave trade in Africa** existed for thousands of years. The first main route passed through the Sahara, tying in to the Arab slave trade. After the European Age of Exploration , African slaves became part of the Atlantic slave trade, from which comes the modern, Western conception of slavery as an institution of African-descended slaves and non-African slave owners. ||
 * Dutch West India Company || a company of Dutch merchants. Among its founding fathers was Willem Usselincx (1567-1647?). On June 3, 1621, it was granted a charter for a trade monopoly in the West Indies (meaning the Caribbean) by the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands and given jurisdiction over the African slave trade, Brazil, the Caribbean, and North America. ||
 * Enclosure movement || the process by which common land is taken into fully private ownership and use. Common land is land which is owned by one person, but over which other people have certain traditional rights, such as arable farming, mowing meadows for hay, or grazing livestock. Under enclosure, such land is fenced (//enclosed//) and //deeded// or //entitled// to one or more private owners, who then enjoy the possession and fruits of the land to the exclusion of all others. ||
 * Merchant capitalism ||  ||
 * Mercantilism || **Mercantilism** is an economic theory, considered to be a form of economic nationalism, that holds that the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is "unchangeable". Economic assets (or capital) are represented by bullion (gold, silver, and trade value) held by the state, which is best increased through a positive balance of trade with other nations (exports minus imports). ||
 * Martin Luther || a German priest and professor of theology who initiated the Protestant Reformation ||
 * John Calvin || French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation; principal figure in the developement of Calvinism ||
 * Henry VIII ||  ||
 * English Reformation ||  ||
 * Calvinist Puritans || best known for their belief in the doctrines of predestination and total depravity, stressing the absolute sovereignty of God ||
 * Church of England ||  ||
 * Separatists || Group of English Puritans who wanted not to reform the Church of England from within, but separate from the Church of England. The Pilgrims who came to America on the Mayflower were Separatist Puritans. ||
 * Elizabeth I ||  ||
 * James I || Opposed Sotweed. ||
 * Plantation model of colonization ||  ||
 * Fur trade ||  ||
 * Fur wars ||  ||
 * Spanish Armada || Once the most powerful navy in the Western world. Defeated in 1588 by the British, thus opening America to British colonization ||
 * Roanoke || Island near present day Manteo, NC were the colony of Ralegh was established. Its settlers mysteriously disappeared at the time of the Spanish Armada. The first English colony in North America was "lost." ||