FRQ+Economic+Expansion

Evaluate the impact of the Civil War on political and economic developments in TWO of the following regions. The South The North The West Focus your answer on the period between 1865 and 1900.

-Grange- a farmer co operative that offered a larger quantity for a lower price (1867) - Bonanza Farms- run like a large business and focused on one crop rather than many -TImber and Stone Act of 1878- government sold "non-farm able" land to people who didn't want to farm and then those people turned around an sold it to timber companies - As a result of large migrations west, Indians became displaced and more hostile - Battle of Little Big Horn(1876)- George Custer and all his men killed by Souix- last win against America for Native Americans - Massacre at Wounded Knee- USA killed 200 Indian Men, women and children - Dawes Severalty Act(1887)- put all Indians on reservations in an effort to "Americanize" them -By the end of the 19th century, almost all Native Americans lived on reservations and had adopted White customs - Women allowed to vote- (1887)- 2 small towns in Kansas(one even electing a woman as a mayor for a term) - Wyoming the first state to include woman's suffrage rights in the constitution for the state || -January 1865- 13th Amendment established by congress that prohibited slavery in all territories -14th amendment- no ex- confederate officers could hold office -Fredrick Douglass said that once a black man fought for the union "no power on earth" should deny that man a right to citizenship -April 1866- Civil Rights Bill- all Negros citizens of the United States -March 1867- Military Reconstruction Act- south divided into 5 districs run by ex-union generals (part of Johnson's plan of reconstruction which eventually failed because it didn't offer economic opportunity to freedmen) into 5 regions and placed under military governors- basically placed the southern government in the hands of Carpetbaggers -Freedman's bureau- helped educate freedmen and abolish black codes -Klu Klux Klan- extremists who terrorized blacks -1869- 15th amendment- no state could deny suffrage to any person based on "race, color, or previous condition - horrible credit because they tried to print off more paper money than was backed by standard in an effort to appease debts from the war  -some freed slaves took part in sharecropping (bigger farmers leased out land in return for some crops once they were harvested) and crop lien system (small farmers would establish credit and would use harvested crops to help pay back loans)  - other freed men helped fulfill the New South Creed by working in factories and helping the south become the leading manufacturer of textiles ||
 * The West- political and economic || The South- political and economic ||
 * -exodusters were freedmen who migrated west in 1879 (called exodusters after the Israelite quest for the promise land)

- The South: -the release of millions of slaves affected the south both politically and economically. politically: -development of 14th and 15th Amendment -13th amendment amendment-- officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It was adopted on December 6, 1865 -Freedman's Bureau: "The Freedmen's Bureau spent $17,000 to help establish homes and distribute food, established 4,000 schools and 100 hospitals for former slaves. This Bureau also helped freedmen find new jobs. At the end of the war, the Bureau's main role was providing emergency food, housing, and medical aid to refugees. It could also help reunite families. Later, it focused its work on helping the freedmen adjust to their conditions of freedom. Its main job was setting up work opportunities and supervising labor contracts. It soon became, in effect, a military court that handled legal issues."

-Reconstruction (under Lincoln and Johnson) -segregation economically: -sharecropping used -growth of industry -the development of a "crop lien system" was a way for farmers to get credit. After the crop was harvested they would use it to pay back their loan. This is different from sharecropping.

The West: -Politically: settlement of the West, Indian Wars, and the Populists There was the National Grange Movement in 1868 started by Oliver H. Kelley: organization for American farmers that encourages farm families to band together for their common economic and political good -also have the free silver movement -Interstate commerce act of 1887 affected the west-- it created the Interstate Commerce Commission -Homestead act of 1862: was a United States Federal law that gave an applicant freehold title to 160 acres (one quarter section or about 65 hectares)-640 acres (one section or about 260 hectares) of undeveloped land outside of the original 13 colonies

Economically: Farmers cooperatives Black movement westward (exodusters was a name given to African Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas in 1879 and 1880. After the end of Reconstruction, racial oppression and rumors of the re-institution of slavery led many freedmen to seek a new place to live.) -the rise of the cattle industry and cowboys -the rise of mail order catalogs -gold and silver mining started in the west during this period

-the South's government was altered due to the **Fourteenth Amendment** (1866), which did not allow prewar Confederate officeholders to hold office -war **wrecked railroads**-->William T. Sherman, "Sherman neckties" -**Reconstruction Act of 1867**-divided former Confederate states into five military districts, each run by a Union general -**freedmen** are the backbone of Southern Republicanism, black voters -all states established **universal manhood suffrage** -state debts and taxes skyrocketed, southern tax burden rose 400% -planters sought to preserve a black labor force-->**sharecropping** -**crop-lien economy** -accelerated industrialization-**New South Creed** -**Freedman's Bureau** and **Civil Rights Act of 1866**-designed to get rid of black codes and protect basic civil rights of blacks -Republican governments undertake extensive public works, increase public services, and establish public schools; **taxes increase** as a result
 * //The South//**
 * -Fourteenth Amendment**-defined American citizenship and intervened to protect persons from state governments
 * -carpetbaggers, scalawags, and freedmen** comprise Republican government in the South

-1862-**Pacific Railroad Act** leads to development of a transcontinental railroad -paper money and a national banking system -1862-**Homestead Act**-embodied Republican party's ideal of free soil and free labor -1862-**Morill Land Grant Act**-gives states the proceeds of public lands, leads to growth of state universities -1862 and 1864-**tariffs** to protect domestic industries -workers form **national unions**, hold protests (everything above is pre-1865, but it may help substantiate your essay on the period 1865 to 1900)
 * //The North//**
 * -Fifteenth Amendment** leads to a separate movement for woman's suffrage
 * -Panic of 1873** diverts Republican attention from Reconstruction
 * -split in Republican party** over Grant's election to the presidency weakens the Reconstruction effort

-40% Americans in cities -11 million immigrants -ethnic neighborhoods,slums,ghettos -advanced transportation: horsedrawn streetcars, cable cars, electric streetcars -moved from farms to cities-especially women || -sharecropping/crop-lien economy: 80% of land in cotton states -"New South": intent to industrialize-slower & smaller scale than the north -credit system and capital destroyed -high protective tarrifs, poor education facilities, high rate of illiteracy -eager to offer tax exemptions, industrial fairs, leased convicts for cheap labor, & gave away land to northern companies -Lumber in LA and AL -Steel and iron in Birmingham -textile mills-in the country (Piedmont region); hired whole white families -1880's: 1/3 unskilled laborers were women and immigrants || -new farms-2.5 million -doubled agriculture production btwn 1870-1900 -first transcontinental railroad -homestead act -price of wheat dropped in 1870's:debt and hard times -The Grange -Bonanza Farms -Dawes Severalty Act: regarding redistribution of land to Indians: authorizes the President to survey Native American tribal areas and divide the arable land into sections for the individual. It says that a Native American family may receive 160 acres (if they are to farm, 80 acres if they are to raise cattle and 40 acres for any normal living purposes. ||
 * //ECONOMY//**
 * NORTH || SOUTH || WEST ||
 * -rapid urbanization: especially in NY, Chicago, Phily (more than 1 mil people)

//**POLITICAL:**// ignored social issues from 1877-1896 due to industrialization -urban political machines/bosses (Boss Tweed of NY)(George B. Cox of Cincinnati)("Big Jim" Pendergast of Kansas City, MO) -reformers-relieve poverty -mostly republican -same black discrimination as in south
 * main issues: tarrifs, currency supply, and benefits for civil war veterans
 * Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth Amendments
 * NORTH || SOUTH || WEST ||
 * -Grant-ism & Corruption

-Radical Republicans such as Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, and Benjamin Wade first dominated the Reconstruction era politics but then soon faded after a while -Controversial election of 1876 resulting in the Compromise of 1877 effectively ended Reconstruction -Compromise of 1877: "Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops that were propping up Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. Consequently, the incumbent President, Republican Ulysses Grant, removed the soldiers from Florida before Hayes as his successor removed the remaining troops in South Carolina and Louisiana. As soon as the troops left, many Republicans also left (or became Democrats) and the "Redeemer" Democrats took control.

-Start of Gilded age after the Civil War: " major growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era, in the late 19th century (1877-1890). The wealth polarization derived primarily from industrial and population expansion. The business people of the Second Industrial Revolution created industrial towns and cities in the Northeast with new factories, and contributed to the creation of an ethnically diverse industrial working class which produced the wealth owned by rising super-rich industrialists and financiers such as Cornelius Vanderbilt, John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Henry Flagler, and J.P. Morgan. || -Johnson Reconstruction plan -black codes -Freedman's Bureau -Civil Rights Act of 1866 -Congressional Reconstruction -enfranchising/disfranchising -carpetbaggers (were southerners gave to northerners who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era, between 1865 and 1877. They formed a coalition with freedmen (freed slaves), and scalawags (southern whites who supported Reconstruction) in the Republican Party. Together they politically controlled former Confederate states for varying periods, 1867–1877.

-scalawags -Enforcement Acts -generally democratic -farmer alliances -Plessy vs. Ferguson by Supreme Court: blacks were equal be separate, uphold segregation || -most frontier territories into states: lead the way in granting woman suffrage ||

The North in 1865 was an extremely prosperous region. Its economy had boomed during the war, bringing economic growth to both the factories and the farms. Since the war had been fought almost entirely on Southern soil, the North did not have to face the task of rebuilding. Despite its prosperity, the war had been costly for the North. Three things had been used to raise funds, 1.Taxation: Protective tariffs, taxes on luxury goods, and an income tax were all used during the war 2. Printing paper money: The Union government printed more than $450 million in “greenbacks” during the war - these notes were not redeemable in gold and their value fluctuated widely during the conflict. Consequently, a great greenback controversy developed 3.Selling bonds. Union securities were marketed to investors both in the North and in Europe. The South, however, had sustained immense damage. Thousands of people lacked the resources to provide food, clothing, or shelter for themselves or their families. The Federal government did little to assist the needy. The creation of the Freedman’s Bureau was one of the few efforts to do so. The South harbored deep feelings of hatred toward the North, but lacked an effective way of expressing those feelings. Tensions were heightened by the actions of the scalawags and carpetbaggers. Efforts to regulate relationships between the newly freed slaves and their former masters were made in the black codes. The Confederacy had printed more than $800 million in paper money during the course of the war. Massive inflation had resulted. The currency and other government securities were worthless, destroying the savings of thousands.

Pensive Abraham Lincoln...BFF love him!

G-rant. my BFF. -Reconstruction was a failure because it did not give freedmen any economic power -Terrorist groups such as the KKK tried to keep freedmen from voting -eventual relapse into something resembling the Old South -Democrats dominate South -13th Amendment banned slavery || -Battle for black suffrage led to divisions in woman's suffrage groups -Grant-ism led to distrust of president Rise of political bosses and machines -Rise of "service city" -Labor unions formed -Republicans dominate North || -Homestead act passed to try to populate western lands -Government allowed immoral military actions to try to eliminate Plain Indians (Wounded Knee) -"Destroy the Indian, Save the Man" -Western states pioneered woman's suffrage. Even before more "civilized" eastern seaboard countries. || -Blacks were re-enslave through sharecropping, the crop-lien system, and black codes -New South Creed advocated industrialization of the South -South became textile capital of the US || -Huge influx of immigrants provided workforce for factories -immigrants lived in squalid conditions -rise of public transportation -"Robber Barons" such as Andrew Carnegie employed countless workers -Factory-produced goods allowed for an increased standard of living for most Americans || -Explosion of railroad lines allowed for improved transportation -Railroad companies granted swaths of land, became economic super powers in the West. -Farmers could aquire goods for much cheaper than before -"Exodusters" attempting to feel re-enslavement in South tried to achieve economic independence -Discover of gold and silver ||
 * || South || North || West ||
 * Political || -Freedman's Bureau tried to educate freedmen
 * Economic || -Freeing of slaves led to huge new workforce

__**SOUTH**__
politically--
 * Freedman's Bureau: help newly liberated blacks establish a place in postwar society
 * Johnson's Reconstruction Plan: failed, military gov. to run states, loyalty oath, many Southern elite barred from oath but Johnson pardoned many
 * black codes: defined the status of freedmen, curfews, limited rights to travel, restricited access to public places (segregation)
 * 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments
 * Military Reconstruction Act of 1867
 * Amnesty Act of 1872: pardoned many rebels,reenter public life
 * Jim Crow Laws

economically--
 * high taxes
 * sharecropping
 * crop lien economy

-Monopolies/Robber Barons: Carnegie in steel (Carnegie Steel Co.), Rockefeller in oil (Standard Oil) -11 million immigrants come to cities (some to work in factories). live in terrible conditions (slums & ghettos) -Specialized industry in smaller cities: Holyoke, Mass.=paper, NY=glass, -Factory goods and cheaper prices (food production by Harvery Kellog and Charles W. Post) (catalogs by Aaron Montgomery Ward and Richard Warren Sears) raise the standard of living for most American families -Advances in transportation: horsedrawn streetcar, cable car system (esp. Chicago), electric streetcar || -Southern credit and capital were destroyed by the unjudicious printing of paper money (which induced inflation). State debts and taxes raise. Southern taxes increase 400%. -80% of land used in cotton farming -"New South" creed calls for industrialization of the South. -Freed slaves present strong new workforce, but they are "re-enslaved" through sharecropping & crop-lien system -South prospers in Textile industry -Birmingham, AL specializes in steel industry -Lumber industry comes up in Louisiana and Alabama || -doctrine of Laissez-faire: let the economy alone (US government said to be laissez-faire, yet robber barons,etc. control politicians in office through bribes) -City political machines (Boss William Marcy Tweed of Tamany Hall in NY, George B. Cox in Cincinnati, "Big Jim" Pendergast in Kansas City, MO) -Republican-dominated -"Service City", city provides services like water works, sewage and waste management, electricity, etc. -Ethnic discrimination as in other areas || -Lincoln and Johnson Reconstruction plans -13th Amendment=no slavery, 14th Amendment=citizenship, due process, equal protection under law, 15th Amendment=vote to all men -Civil Rights Act of 1866=blacks are citizens and have equal protection under law -(Military) Reconstruction Act of 1867: splits former Confederate states into military districts -All Reconstruction fails -Democrat-dominated -Freedmen's Bureau attempts to educate and help freedmen into society -Black codes & Jim Crow Laws: to "control" freedmen -Klu Klux Klan/ Klu Klux Klan Act of 1870=to enforce 14th Amendment, and strengthen sanctions against terrorists against black suffrage -Civil Rights Act of 1875=no racial segregation in trasportation and public accomodations, and included them in jury service ||
 * || **The North** || **The South** ||
 * **Economic** || -Rapid urbanization in cities (Boston, NY, Philadelphia, Chicago, Cincinnati, San Francisco)
 * **Political** || -Grant administration/political corruption

After the civil war, the democratic solid south was firmly establish on racist foundations which has important implications for American politics. During Reconstuction- 13th, 14th,15th amendments Rep. governments in south made democratic changes in southern states such as abolishing pty and racial qualifications for voting and office holding, redistriciting state legislatures and making formerly appointed offices elective. Increased public works and established public schools. Taxes rose and therefor embittering southern landowners. Opposition against the Rep. rule united southern whites of all social classes. Campaign of violence against blacks, freedman's bureau officials, and white republicans Compromise of 1877 and declining interest of north in reconstruction led democrats to regain control of south. The south was the strong hold of the democrats for the next century. Southern white elites-redeemers- took control. had little interest in ex-slaves except as docile work force democratic party officials demanded end to negro rule, suppressed black voting, and strict racial segregation. Reconstruction a failure. 1883- Civil Rights Cases declared Civil Rights Act of 1875 unconstitutional Plessy vs Ferguson- racial segregation constitutional Had to rebuild. some preached "new south creed" which said the region must industrialize. offered tax exemptions to attract northern capital. industry became dominated by northerners. The south industrialized more slowly that the north and until 1900 it lagged far behind. The civil war had destroyed the south's credit system- shortage of capital federal government policies were made without southern input such as high protective tariff hurt many southerners. textile mills Freedman wanted to become langowning, independent farmers but few did because they lacked the money to buy land and tools. There was no land reform because Rep. didn't want to violate property rights. So at the end of slavery planters owned land but had no workers and the ex-slaves had no land. Sharecropping emerged. small white farmers became sharecropping tenants as well. Sharecroppers fell into debt cause rural merchants sold supplies on credit w a lien on the tenants share of the crop. high interest rates and low crop prices led to debt. were trapped on propertyty until repaid debt. discontent among farmers. formation of alliances. in 1892 alliance leaders organized the Populist party which fought for agrarian demands. || The North: unlike in the south, the northern economy boomed during the war. The war related industries boomed. The Republican dominated congress took advantage of the absence of southern democrats and enacted measures that encourage further economic development: raising tariffs, charter for the transcontinental railroad and a new banking system. all of which aided the northern economy for the time after the war and became important political and economic issues until 1900. The economic depression of 1873 diverted Rep. attention from Reconstruction. Northerners became more concerned with economical growth rather than black rights. The railroads mileage increased greatly during the war and then as well with the charter of the transcontinental railroad opened vast internal markets to American industry which was primarily in the north. these railroad companies led the way in developing financial and managerial practices of big corporations. after the end of the war, many northerners saw the opportunity for making money through starting industry in the south. some ex slaves migrated to the north and became unskilled laborers in cities. they faced the same discrimination they did in the south during the war many women took the jobs of men but received less pay
 * || The South ||
 * || **Political:**
 * Economics:** the war destroyed the south's economy